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    A substudy of a randomized controlled trial

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    Data on early markers for acute kidney injury (AKI) after noncardiovascular surgery are still limited. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of plasma neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin (pNGAL) and intraoperative diuresis for AKI in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery treated within a goal-directed hemodynamic algorithm. This study is a post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled pilot trial comparing intravenous solutions within a hemodynamic goal-directed algorithm based on the esophageal Doppler in patients undergoing epithelial ovarian cancer surgery. The diagnostic value of plasma NGAL obtained at ICU admission and intraoperative diuresis was determined with respect to patients already meeting AKI criteria 6 hours after surgery (AKI6h) and to all patients meeting AKI criteria at least once during the postoperative course (AKItotal). AKI was diagnosed by the definition of the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) group creatinine criteria and was screened up to postoperative day 3. Receiver operating characteristic curves including a gray zone approach were performed. A total of 48 patients were analyzed. None of the patients had increased creatinine levels before surgery and 14 patients (29.2%) developed AKI after surgery. Plasma NGAL was predictive for AKI6h (AUCAKI6h 0.832 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.629–0.976), P = .001) and AKItotal (AUCAKItotal 0.710 (CI 0.511–0.878), P = .023). The gray zones of pNGAL calculated for AKI6h and AKItotal were 210 to 245 and 207 to 274 ng mL−1, respectively. The lower cutoffs of the gray zone at 207 and 210 ng mL−1 had a negative predictive value (NPV) (i.e., no AKI during the postoperative course) of 96.8% (CI 90–100) and 87.1% (CI 78–97), respectively. Intraoperative diuresis was also predictive for AKI6h (AUCAKI6h 0.742 (CI 0.581–0.871), P = .019) with a gray zone of 0.5 to 2.0 mL kg−1 h−1. At the lower cutoff of the gray zone at 0.5 mL kg−1 h−1, corresponding to the oliguric threshold, the NPV was 84.2% (78–92). This study indicates that pNGAL can be used as an early marker to rule out AKI occurring within 3 days after major abdominal surgery. Intraoperative diuresis can be used to rule out AKI occurring up to 6 hours after surgery

    The value of NGAL-concentration and diuresis to predict postoperative acute kidney injury in non-cardiac surgery using a intraoperative goal-directed hemodynamic algorithm in gynecologic cancer surgery

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    Hintergrund: Das akute Nierenversagen (ANV) ist eine bedeutende perioperative Komplikation. Es mangelt jedoch an verlĂ€sslichen PrĂ€diktoren, die eine frĂŒhe Diagnose ermöglichen. Ziel der Arbeit war die Evaluation des Neutrophilen Gelatinase-assoziierten Lipocalins (NGAL) und der intraoperativen Diurese zur Vorhersage des postoperativen ANV. Methoden: Diese Arbeit ist eine post-hoc- Analyse einer randomisierten kontrollierten klinischen Studie bei 48 Patientinnen mit metastasiertem Ovarial-Karzinom zur Tumor- Reduktionsoperation, die intraoperativ unterschiedliche Infusionslösungen innerhalb eines zielgerichteten HĂ€modynamikalgorithmus erhielten. In dieser Arbeit wurde die intraoperative Diureserate sowie die Plasma-NGAL- Konzentration im Plasma eine Stunde postoperativ hinsichtlich der PrĂ€diktivitĂ€t fĂŒr ein ANV sechs Stunden postoperativ (ANV6h) und drei Tage postoperativ (ANV-POD3) untersucht. Als ANV wurde gemĂ€ĂŸ der Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) Kreatininkriterien das Stadium 1 oder höher definiert. Zur statistischen Analyse wurden Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Kurven und Reklassifizierungsmodelle angewendet. Ergebnisse: Bei 29,2 % der Patientinnen trat ein postoperatives ANV auf. Die intraoperative Diureserate hatte eine mĂ€ĂŸige PrĂ€diktivitĂ€t (AUC-ROC6h 0,742 (0,581-0,871, p=0,019) und die NGAL-Konzentration eine gute PrĂ€diktivitĂ€t (AUC-ROC-6h 0,832 (0,621-0,976), p<0,001) fĂŒr ein ANV bis sechs Stunden postoperativ. Zur PrĂ€diktion des ANV bis zum dritten postoperativen Tag war die intraoperative Diureserate nicht geeignet (AUC-ROC-POD3 0,661 (0,495-0,808), p=0,081), wohingegen die NGAL-Konzentration eine moderate PrĂ€diktivitĂ€t zeigte (AUC-ROC- POD3 0,710 (0,526-0,894), p<0,023). Wurde eine auf der intraoperativen Diureserate beruhende Risikostratifizierung einem PrĂ€diktionsmodell fĂŒr das postoperative ANV hinzugefĂŒgt, konnte bezĂŒglich des ANV6h fĂŒr die Nicht-ANV- Gruppe eine Reklassifizierungsverbesserung erreicht werden (p=0,045), fĂŒr die ANV-Gruppe jedoch nicht (p=0,115). Durch eine auf der NGAL-Konzentration beruhenden Risikostratifizierung konnte fĂŒr das ANV6h eine signifikante Verbesserung der Reklassifizierung sowohl in der ANV-Gruppe (p=0,002) als auch in der Nicht-ANV-Gruppe (p<0,001) erreicht werden. FĂŒr das ANV-POD3 wurde nur in der Nicht-ANV-Gruppe eine signifikante Verbesserung der Reklassifizierung erreicht (p=0,002). Schlussfolgerung: Zur PrĂ€diktion des ANV6h war die intraoperative Diureserate nicht gut geeignet. Die NGAL-Konzentration wies eine gute PrĂ€diktivitĂ€t auf. Zur PrĂ€diktion des ANV-POD3 war die intraoperative Diureserate ungeeignet. Die NGAL-Konzentration wies hier eine moderate PrĂ€diktivitĂ€t auf.Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major complication in postoperative care. There is a lack of reliable predictors to allow early diagnosis. This paper aimed to evaluate neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and intraoperative diuresis with regarding prediction of postoperative AKI. Methods: This paper is a retrospective analysis of a randomized controlled trial in 48 patients. The patients with diagnosis of metastatic ovarian cancer underwent cytoreductive surgery. Infusion therapy during surgery was goal- directed. Plasma NGAL and intraoperative diuresis were investigated concerning their predictive efficiency of AKI six hours after surgery (AKI-6h) and postoperative day 3 (AKI-POD3). AKI was defined applying creatinine criteria by Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) stage 1 or higher. Receiver operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and reclassification models were assessed. Results: After surgery the incidence of AKI was 29.2 %. Diuresis during surgery had a moderate predictive value (AUC-ROC-6h 0.742 (0.581-0.871), p=0.019) and NGAL had a good predictive value (AUC-ROC6h 0.832 (0.621-0.976), p<0.001) concerning AKI-6h. Diuresis during surgery was not appropriate to predict AKI up to POD 3 after surgery (AUC-ROC-POD3 0.661 (0.495-0.808), p=0.081) but NGAL was (AUC-ROC-POD3 0.710 (0.526-0.894), p<0.023). Adding risk stratification based upon intraoperative diuresis to a risk prediction model could achieve an improved reclassification for AKI6h in non AKI group (p=0.045) but not in AKI group (p=0.115). Risk stratification for AKI-6h based upon NGAL could improve reclassification in both AKI group (p=0.002) and non AKI group (p<0.001). Improvement of reclassification for AKI-POD3 was only achieved in non AKI group (p=0.002). Conclusions: Diuresis during surgery was not a good predictor for AKI-6h but NGAL is. To predict AKI-POD3 diuresis is inappropriate. NGAL is a moderate predictor for AKI-POD3
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